Bab 4(1) JLPT N4
Watashi no machi hanoi (1)
I'm from Hanoi (1)
Dekiru koto
• Shusshinchi o wadai ni shite shoukaisuru kotoga dekiru.
Talk about where you are from.
Minasan, konnichiwa. Kyou wa watashi no machi o shoukai shitai to omoimasu. Watashino machi wa betonamu no hanoi desu. Minasan, it ta kotoga arimasu ka.
Donna tokoro ka shitte imasu ka. Hanoi wa shichi gatsu ni naru to, kireina hana ga takusan sakimasu. Sore de machi wa totemo utsukushiku narimasu.
Hanoi wa toukyou yori zutto chiisai desu ga, takusan mizuumi ga arimasu. Machi no chuushin no mizuumi wa totemo yuumei desu. Watashi wa sono mizuumi no mawari o sanpo suru no ga suki desu. Mizuumi wa amari ookikunai node, mawari o aruku noni ichi jikan kakarimasen. Mizuumi no naka ni aru otera ni wa ookii kame ga kaza rarete imasu. Totemo ookii kame desukara, zehi mite kudasai.
22 itta koto ga arimasu ka
Dou tsukau ?
"~ta koto ga aru" wa, kako ni ~shita keiken ga aru to iu toki ni tsukau.
Use "~ta kotoga aru" when you talk about a past experience of doing something.
V-ta + koto ga aru
1. Watashi wa ichido afurika e itta koto ga arimasu.
2. Watashi wa ichido mo nattou o tabeta koto ga arimasen.
3. Watashi wa nyu-yo-ku de myu-jikaru o mita koto ga arimasu.
Yattemiyou !
Rei : Watashi wa kabuki o (mita) koto ga arimasu.
1. Watashi wa nihon no ryokan ni (tomatta) koto ga arimasu.
2. Watashi wa jidousha no koujou o (kengakushita) koto ga arimasu.
3. Chan san wa mada shinkansen ni (notta) koto ga arimasen.
4. Mariasan wa, kimono o (kita) koto ga arimasu.
1 "~ta koto ga aru" wa saikin no koto ni wa tsukawanai.
Do not use "~ta koto ga aru " when you talk about a recent experience.
Senshuu, fujisan ni nobot ta kotoga arimasu.
--> ⊙ Senshuu, fujisan ni noborimashita.
2 Keiken wa ima mo motte iru node "~ koto ga atta" to wa iwanai.
An experience is something you still possess now, so do not use the past tense as in ~ koto ga atta.
Watashi wa shinkansen ni notta kotoga arimashita.
23 donna tokoro ka shitte imasu ka
Dou tsukau ?
"ぎもんしgimonshi~ ka" wa, bun no naka de meishi to onaji youni tsukau. Ushiro no kotoba wa "shitte iru. iu. kiku. wakaranai. ~ temiru" nado ga yoku tsukawareru.
You can use "question word ~ ka" in a sentence just like a noun. Words such as "shitte iru. iu. kiku. wakaranai. ~temiru" are often used afterward.
(itsu. doko. nani) nado no gimonshi + Pl + ka
(na A da N da)
1. Kono ryouri wa douyatte tsukuru ka, oshiete kudasai.
2. Omiyage wa nani ga ii ka, kikimashita.
3. Tanakasan wa doko e itta ka, shitte imasu ka.
4. Satousan ni denwabangou wa nanban ka, wasurete shimaimashita.
Yattemiyou !
Rei :
A : Shiai wa nanji ni hajimarimasu ka.
B : Saa, nanji ni (hajimaru) ka, wakarimasen.
1.
A : Kopi-, nanmai hitsuyou desu ka.
B : Wakarimasen. Nanmai (hitsuyou) ka, yamadasan ni kiite kudasai.
2.
A : Satousan, kyou, genki gq arimasen ne.
B : Sou desu ne. Doushite genki ga (nai) ka, shitte imasu ka.
3.
A : Toukyou kara narita kuukou made ikura deshita ka.
B : Ikura (datta) ka, wasuremashita.
4.
A : Kyou no pa-ti-, dare ga kimasu ka.
B : Saa, dare ga (kuru) ka, watashi mo shiranain desu.
24 shichi gatsu ni naru to
Dou tsukau ?
"~to, ..." wa, shizen no henka. kikai no tsukai kata. michijun o setsumei suru toki nado ni yoku tsukau. "~ no toki wa kanarazu, itsumo ... ni naru" toiu toki ni tsukau koto ga ooi.
"~ to, ..." is often used, for example, to explain a natural change, how to use a machine, or directions. It is often used when you say, "When ~, ... will always happen."
Pl + t(genzaikei dake present form only)
1. Haru ni naru to, sakura ga sakimasu.
2. Kono botan o osuto, kippu ga demasu.
3. Kono michi o massugu iku to, ginkou ga arimasu.
4. Su-pa- ga tooi to, fuben desu.
5. Ii tenki da to, koko kara fujisan ga miemasu.
6. Sugu ikanai to, maniaimasen yo.
Yattemiyou !
Rei : Osake o (nomu) to, kao ga akaku narimasu.
1. Pasupo-to ga (nai) to, gaikoku ni ikemasen.
2. Migi ni (magaru) to, yuubinkyoku ga arimasu.
3. Ame ga (furanai) to, mizu ga tari naku narimasu.
4. Kono botan o (osu) to, oto ga ookiku narimasu.
5. Hyaku me-toru kurai aruite hashi o (wataru) to, shiroi tatemono ga arimasu.
6. (Furui pasokon da) to, shigoto o suru toki fuben desu.
Ushiro no bun ni wa, irai. meirei. ishi o arawasu wa tsukaenai.
You cannot use a word that expresses a request, order, or intent in the second half of the sentence.
Hyaku me-toru iku to, hidari ni magatte kudasai.
⊙ Hyaku me-toru iku to, hidari ni ginkou ga arimasu.
25 hanoi wa toukyou yori zutto chiisai desu
Dou tsukau ?
"A wa B yori~" no katachi de, "A wa B to kuraberu to ~" toiu imi ni naru.
The "A wa B yori ~" form means "compare to B, A is ~".
N + wa + N + yori ~
1. Toukyou no chikatetsu wa watashi no kuni no chikatetsu yori benri desu.
2. Ani wa watashi yori eigo ga jouzu desu.
3. Kyou no tesuto wa kinou no yori yasashikatta desu.
Yattemiyou !
Rei : Mosukuwa (- 10°C). Toukyou (0°C)
(Mosukuwa) wa (Toukyou) yori samui desu.
1. (Hokkaidou) wa (Kyuushuu) yori ookii desu.
2. (Sukaitsuri-) wa (Toukyou tawa-) yori takai desu.
3. (Ane) wa (watashi) yori kami ga nagai desu.
26 sono mizuumi no mawari
Dou tsukau ?
Hanashite ga hanashita wadai de, kikite ga shiranai koto o mou ichido hanasu toki ni "sore" nado o tsukau.
When the speaker or listener mentions something previously mentioned by the speaker, but the listener is not familiar with it, use a word such as "sore".
1. Watashi no ie no mae ni gakkou ga dekimashita. Sono gakkou ni wa ookii pu-ru ga arimasu.
2.
A : Dizuni-rando no pare-do ga atarashiku narimashita ne.
B : Sou desu ka. Ja, sono pare-do o issho ni mi ni ikimasen ka.
3. Watashi wa hanaya de hataraite imasu. Sono hanaya wa itsumi kireina hana de ippai desu.
Kikite ga wadai ni natte iru koto o shitte iru toki wa "are" nado o tsukau.
When the listener is famil8ar with the subject previously mentioned by the speaker, use a word such as "are".
A : Kinou ekimae no resutoran ni itte kimashita.
B : Aa, ano resutoran, yasukute oishii desu yo ne.
C : Hee, sono resutoran, nan toiu namae desu ka.
Yattemiyou !
Rei :
A : Kinou nobotta yama, totemo kirei deshita.
B : (Sono) yama, doko ni arun desu ka.
1.
A : Atarashii kusuri ga dekita sou desu.
B : (Sore), nan no kusuri desu ka.
2.
A : Mukashi, yoku issho ni kawa de sakana o tsutta ne.
B : Sou datta ne. (Ano) kawa, ima demo aru kana ?
3.
A : Kono aida yonda "Yama no Ue" toiu hon, totemo omoshirokatta desu yo.
B : Sou desu ka. (Sono) hon, kashite itadakemasen ka.
27 sanposuru no ga suki desu
Dou tsukau ?
"~no" wa, bun o meishi ni suru toki ni tsukau.
Use "~no" to turn the sentence into a noun phrase.
Pl + no
(na A da na N da na)
1. Kobayashisan wa gita- o hiku no ga jouzu desu.
2. Shukudai o motte kuru no o wasuremashita.
3. Tanakasan wa yakyuu ga daisukina no o shitte imasu ka.
4. Oyogu no wa tanoshii desuga, tsukaremasu.
5. Takahashisan ga sengetsu kekkonshita no o shitte imasu ka.
Yattemiyou !
Rei :
A : Nani o suru no ga suki desu ka.
B : Yama ni (noboru no) (ga) suki desu.
1.
A : Nani ka tetsudaimashou ka.
B : Ja, kono nimotsu o (hakobu no) (o) tetsudatte kudasai.
2. Satousan wa (hashiru no)(ga) hayai desu.
3. Watashi wa toire o (soujisuru no)(ga) kirai desu.
4. Mukashi issho ni umi de (oyoida no)(o) oboete imasu ka.
5. Manga o (yomu no)(wa) suki desuga, hon o (yomu no)(wa) amari suki de wa arimasen.
6. Tomodachi to (ryokousuru no)(wa) tanoshii desu.
Gimon o kyouchou shitai toki ni, shitsumon bun de "niwa" ga tsukawareru koto ga ooi.
"No wa" is often used in a question sentence when you want to add emphasis to the question.
1.
A : Asoko ni iru no wa dare desu ka.
B : Satousan desu.
2.
A : Kyou chikoku shita no wa, doushite desu ka.
B : Densha no jiko ga atta kara desu.
Yattemiyou !
Rei :
A : Kuni e (kaeru) no wa itsu desu ka.
B : Raishuu desu.
1.
A : Amerika e (iku) no wa, itsu desu ka.
B : Rainen ni shigatsu desu.
2.
A : Kobayashisan ga ima ichiban (hoshii) no wa, nan desu ka.
B : Atarashii ge-mu desu.
3.
A : Tai de ichiban (nigiyakana) no wa, doko desu ka.
B : Bankoku desu.
4.
A : Kinou gakkou i (yasunda) no wa, doushite desu ka.
B : Onaka ga itakatta kara desu.
"koto" to "no"
1 Tsugi ni youna bunkei de wa (koto) dake o tsukau.
The following sentence patterns only use "koto".
"Watashi no shumi wa ~ koto desu" "~koto ga dekimasu" "~koto ga arimasu" "~ koto ni narimashita" "~koto ni shimasu"
2 Tsugi no baai wa "no" dake o tsukau.
Only use "no" in the following cases.
2- 1 Okane ya jikan, youto ya mokuteki (p.28 aruku noni ichi j8kan kakarimasen)
Money, time, use or purpose
2-2 Ushiro ni "miru. mieru. kiku. kikoeru. matsu. tetsudau. yameru" nado no doushi o tsukau baai.
If you use a verb such as "miru. mieru. kiku. kikoeru. matsu. tetsudau. yameru" afterward.
1. Taroukun ga asonde iru no ga miemasu.
2. Tabako o suu no o yameta.
3 "no" wa "hito. basho. mono. jikan. riyuu" nado ni mo tsukawareru.
"No" is also used for people, places, things, time, reasons and so forth.
1. Asoko ni iru no wa dare desu ka.
2. Resutoran ga ichiban isogashii no wa hiru no juuniji kara ichiji no aida desu.
Yattemiyou !
Rei : Watashi wa fujisan ni nobotta (koto) ga arimasu.
1. Suzukisan ga utatte iru (no) ga kikoeru.
2. Kono ryokan de onsen ni hairu (koto) ga dekimasu.
3.
A : Koko de nani o shite irun desu ka.
B : Satousan ga kaette kuru (no) o matte irun desu.
28 aruku no ni ichi jikan kakarimasen
Dou tsukau ?
"~noni ..." wa, mokuteki (~) no tame ni "..." ga hitsuyou de aru to iu toki ni tsukau. Ushiro no doushi ni wa "tsukau. iru. benri. ii. yaku ni tatsu" nado ga yoku tsukawareru.
Use "~noni ..." when "..." is needed to achieve a purpose (~). Words such as "tsukau. iru. benri. ii. yaku ni tatsu" are often used for the "..." part.
V-ru + noni
1. Takayama byouin made iku noni ichijikan kakarimasu.
2. Kore wa tamago o kiru noni tsukaimasu.
3. Gakkou e motte iku noni choudo ii kaban ga hoshii desu.
Yattemiyou !
1. Terebi wa nihongo o benkyousuru (noni) yakunitatsu to omoimasu.
2. Kekkonsuru (node) atarashii heya o sagashite imasu.
3. Kekkonsuru (noni) dorekurai okane ga irimasu ka.
4. Kono kasa wa karukute chiisai (node), ryokou ni motte iku (noni) ii desuyo.
29 kame ga kazararete imasu
Dou tsukau ?
Ukemi kei wa, tatemono ya sakuhin, ibento nado, jijitsu o setsumei shitari suru toki ni mo tsukau.
"hatsumeisuru. hakkensuru. tsukuru. hiraku" nado ga yoku tsukawareru.
You can also use the passive form when you explain or provide information about the facts on a building, product, event and the like. Words such as "hatsumeisuru. hakkensuru. tsukuru. hiraku" are often used.
1. Konya koko de pa-ti- ga hirakaremasu.
2. Kono uta wa iroirona kuni de utawarete imasu.
3. Nyuugakushiki wa maitoshi shigatsu ni okonawaremasu.
4. Nihonshu wa komekara tsukuraremasu.
Yattemiyou !
Rei : Kono koujou wa senkyuuhyaku hachijuu nen ni (tateraremashita).
1. Nihon kara iroirona kuni e kuruma ga (yushutsusarete) imasu.
2. Kono otera wa toukyou de ichiban furui to (iwarete) imasu.
3. Raigetsu supi-chi taikai ga (hirakare) masu.
4. Ookii shiai no mae ni wa itsumi kokka ga (utaware) masu.
5. Kono e wa itsu (kakare)mashita ka.
Darega shita ka, o iitai toki wa, "~ niyotte" o tsukau.
Use "~ niyotte" when you want to say who did something.
1. "Kokoro" wa natsu me souseki niyotte kakaremashita.
2. Denwa wa sen happyaku nanajuu roku nen ni beru niyotte hatsumeisaremashita.
3. Ho-mu kara ochita dansei wa ekiin niyotte tasukeraremashita.
14. Kekkonshiki ni shoutaisareta
49. Koneko ni kamaretanda
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