Bab 2(2) JLPT N4

 Bab 2(2) JLPT N4

Okashi tsukuri (2)

Making sweets (2)

Dekiru koto

• Te tsukuri no mono nado ni tsuite setsumei suru koto ga dekiru.

Explain hand-made things and the like.

Takahashi : Jaa, itadakimasu.

Kimu : A, kono furu-tsu so-su o kake te, tabete kudasai.

Takahashi : Hai. ... Aa, oishii !

Kimu : Sou desu ka. Yokatta. Kono so-su wa furu-tsu no kawa o muka naide, zenbu tsukatte irun desu.

Takahashi : Sou nan desu ka. Gochisou sama deshita !

Kimu : E ? Mou zenbu tabe te shimatta ndesuka.

Takahashi : Ee. Hontou ni oishikatta desu. Watashi mo tsukuritai naa.

Kimu : Jaa, kondo jikan ga at tara, issho ni tsukurimashou.

Kantaj ni tsuku remasu yo.

8 kono furu-tsu so-subo kakete

Dou tsukau ?

"~te" wa, "kasa o sashite aruku" no youni sono joutai (kasa o sashita) no mama, tsugi no dousa (aruku) o suru toki ni tsukau. "Kaite oboeru" no youni shudan ni mo tsukawareru.

Use "~te" to talk about an action that follows a previous, continuing action. For example, "kasa o sashite aruku" literally means to "hold an umbrella and walk" (i.e. "walk with an umbrella"). It is also used to explain how something is done or occurs, such as in "kaite oboeru".

V-te + V

1. Shi-toberuto o shite untenshite kudasai.

2. Atsukatta node mado o akete nemashita.

3. Shita no e o mite kotaete kudasai.

4. Kono e wa iro enpitsu o tsukatte kakimashita.

Yattemiyou !

Rei : Ame no hi wa (kasa o sashite) gakkou e ikimasu.

1. Atsui hi wa (boushi o kabutte) gakkou e ikimasu.

2. Samui hi wa (ko- to o kite) gakkou e ikimasu.

3. (Obentou o motte) haikingu ni ikimasu.

4. (Doresu o kite/ tebukuro o shite/ nekkuresu o shite) pa-ti- ni ikimasu.

9 kawa o mukanaide

Dou tsukau ?

"~ naide" wa, " kasa o sasanaide aruku" no youni sore o shinai joutai (kasa o sasanai) no mama, tsugi no dousa (aruku) o suru toki ni tsukau. "Kakanaide oboeru" no youni shudan ni mo tsukawareru.

Use "~naide" to talk about an action that follows a previous action that did not occur.

For example, "kasa o sasanaide aruku" literally means to "not hold an umbrella and walk" (i.e. "walk without an umbrella"). It 8s also used to explain how something is done or occurs, such as in "kakanaide oboeru".

V-nai + de+ V

1. Jikan ga nakatta node, asa gohan o tabenaide, gakkou e ikimashita.

2. Saifu o motanaide, dekakemashita.

3. Jisho o tsukawanaide, sakubun o kakimasu.

Yattemiyou !

Rei : Ashita shiken ga aru node, (nenaide) benkyou shimasu.

1. Satou o (irenaide), ko-hi- o nomimasu.

2. Kasa o (sasanaide) aruite iru hito ga imasu.

3. Tsukareta node, shawa- o (abinaide), nemashita.

4. Tekisuto o (minaide), kotae o kaite kudasai.

10 zenbu tabete shimatta

Dou tsukau ?

"~ temashou" wa, jikan ga kakaru dousa ga hayaku owaru, zenbu owaru to iu toki ni tsukau. Use "~ te shimau" when you say that an action that takes time is finished early or is completely finished.

V-te + shimau

1. Kyou no shukudai wa mou zenbu yatte shimaimashita.

2.

A : Hon, arigatou gozaimashita. Totemo omoshirokatta desu.

B : E ? Mou yonde shimattan desuka.

3. Kono irasuto wa goji made ni kaite shimaitao to omotte imasu.

Yattemiyou !

Rei : Reizouko no ju-su wa zenbu (nonde) shimaimashita).

1. Kono shigoto wa hiru yasumi made ni (yatte) shimaitai to omoimasu.

2. Kengaku no repo-to wa kinou (kaite) shimaimashita.

3. Ryouri no zairyou ya nomimono wa, kono su-pa- de zenbu (katte) shimaimashou.

4. Tsukue no ue ni aru hon wa zenbu kono hako ni (irete) shimatte kudasai.

11 jikan ga attara

Dou tsukau ?

"~tara, ..." wa, "moshi~ no baai wa ..." to iu toki ni tsukau.

Use "~tara, ..." when you say "if~, then ..."

Pl + ra

"Kakokei dake  Past form only"

Doushi                iku              ittara                  ikanakattara

                             aru             attara                  nakattara

i keiyoushi          oishii         oishikattara       oishikunakattara

                              ii                *yokattara         *yokunakattara

na keiyoushi      genkida     genkidattara     genkidenakattara

meishi                 ameda       amedattara       amedenakattara

1. Moshi sen man en attara, sekai ryokou o shimasu.

2. Okane ga nakattara, komarimasu.

3. Ashita tenki ga yokattara, haikingu ni ikimasen ka.

4. Nichiyoubi, hima dattara, asobi ni kite kudasai.

1. "~tara" ni wa "~ta atode" no imi mo aru.

"~ tar" also means "After ~ , then ..."

1. Eki ni tsuitara, denwashite kudasai.

2. Natsu yasumi ni nattara, kuni e kaerimasu.

2. "~tara ii desu ka" no katachi de adobaisu o motometari, "~tara doudesuka" no katachi de, adobaisu. teian no imi o arawasu tsukai kata mo aru.

Other uses include the "~ tara ii desu ka" form to ask for advice, and the "~tara dou desu ka" form to give advice or make a suggestion.

1)

A : Hokkaidou no omiyage wa nani o kattara ii desu ka.

B : Howaito chokore-to o tsukatta yuumeina okashi ga arimasu yo.

2)

A : Yuuhan, nani ni shitara ii ?

B : Kare- ni shitara dou ?

3. Hito o sasottari, hito ni susumetari suru toki, "yokattara" o yoku tsukau.

"Yokattara" is often uesd to invite a person or suggest something to a person.

1) Kore, watashi gq tsukuttan desu. Yokattara tabete mite kudasai.

2) Ashita, yama e ikun desu ga, yokattara issho ni ikimasen ka.

Yattemiyou !

Rei : Ame ga (futtara), dekakemasen.

1. Abunai node taifuu ga (kitara), umi e ikanaide kudasai.

2. Ashita (ame dattara), yakyuu no shiai wa arimasen.

3. Eki kara (chika dattara), aruite ikimashou.

4. Shigoto ga (owattara), osake o nomi ni ikimasen ka.

5. Juuhassai ni (nattara), menkyo o toru koto ga dekimasu.

6. Mou go jikan mo hataraite imasu yo. Sukoshi (yasundara) dou desu ka.

12 kantan ni tsukuremasu

Dou tsukau ?

Kanoukei wa, "~koti ga dekiru" to onaji imi. Sore o suru nouryoku ga aru toka, doko de nani ga dekiru nado to iu toki ni tsukau.

The potential form has the same meaning as "~koto ga dekiru". Use it when you say, for example, that a person has the ability to do something, or what can be done in a place.

                          V-ru       kanoukei (potential form)  V-dekiru

I guru-pu         kaku      kakeru

                        asobu      asoberu

                         yomu      yomeru

II guru-pu      okiru        okirareru

                        taberu       taberareru

                            miru      mirareru

III guru-pu        kuru      korareru

                            suru       dekiru

*kanoukei wa II gru-pu ni doushi to onaji katsuyou o suru.

Tenses in the potential form are conjugated in the same way as for Group 2 verbs.

kaku --> kakeru (II guru-pu) : kakemasu, kakenai, kakete, kaketa

A : Kanji, kakeru ?

B : Uun, mada kakenai. 

* II guru-pu no doushi wa hanasu toki "tabereru. mireru" no youni "ra" no nai katachi mo tsukawareru.

In conversation, Group 2 verbs are often used without the "ra", as in "tabereru. mireru".

Kanoukei no bun de wa mokuteki go o  arawasu (o) o (ga) ni kaeru.

In a potential form sentence, the particle for the object changes from "o" to "ga".

Konpyu-ta- o tsukau --> Konpyu-ta- ga tsukaeru

1. Watashi wa nihongo no shinbun ga yomemasu.

2. Watashi wa osake ga nomemasen.

3. 

A : Kono toshokan, zasshi mo kari raremasu ka.

B : Ee, furui zasshi wa daijoubu desu yo.

Yattemiyou !

Rei : Watashi wa kanji ga hyaku ji (kakemasu).

1. Suzukisan wa piano ga (hikemasu).

2. Ano bi-ru koujou wa itsudemo (kengaku dekimasu).

3.

A : Ashita no asa shichiji ni kaisha ni (koraremasu) ka.

B : Hai, wakarimashita.

4. Uchi no musuko wa yon sai desu ga, jitensha ni (noremasu).

"mirareru" "kikeru" to "mieru" "kikoeru"

"mieru" to "kikoeru" wa, "shizen ni jibun no shikai ya mimi ni hairu" toiu joutai o arawasu. Ippou, "mirareru.kikeru" wa ishiki shite  "miru (kiku) koto ga dekiru" koto o arawasu.

"Mieru" and "kikoeru" express that something is "naturally within one's vision or hearing range," whereas "mirareru. kikeru" express that one "can see or hear if he or she intends." 

1. Mado kara ki ga miemasu.

2. Nihon de wa iroiro na kuni no eiga ga miraremasu.

3. Tonari no heya kara akachan no koe ga kikoemasu.

4. Kono rajio de gaikoku no housou ga kikemasu.

Yattemiyou !

1. Asoko ni shiroi biru ga (miemasu) ya.

2. Ueno doubutsuen de panda ga (miraremasu) yo.

3. A, tori no koe ga (kikoemasu) yo. Kireina koe desu ne.

4. Inta-netto  de, itsumo atarashii uta ga (kikemasu). 

Hito ga ishi o motte okonau dousa dake kanoukei ni naru. Hito no ishi ni kankei nai doushi (komaru. tsukareru. byouki ni naru. maniau. nareru nado" wa kanoukei ni wa dekinai. The potential form is only used for actions that a person voluntarily chooses to take. You cannot use the potential form for verbs that are not related to a person's will (komaru. tsukareru. byouki ni naru. maniau. nareru etc.)

Mata, "nimotsu ga hairu. mizu ga deru" nado no mono ga shugo no baai ya, "dekiru. wakaru" nado no kanou nonimi ga aru doushi ni mo tsukaenai.

Also, you cannot use tye potential form when an inanimate object is the subject, as in "nimotsu ga hairu". mizu ga deru". Nor can you use it for verbs that describe a capability, such as "dekiru. wakaru".

Rokuji no densha ni mani aema masu ka. --> ⊙ maniaimasu ka

 Kono kaban wa nimotsu ga  takusan  haire  masu yo. --> ⊙ hairimasu

Kono hon o yondara iroirina koto ga  wakare  masu. --> ⊙ wakarimasu

Matome no mondai Review questions

Mondai ichi

Bun no kumitate

☆ ni hairu moni wa dore desu ka. 1. 2. 3. 4 kara ichiban ii mono o hitotsu erande kudasai.

1. Kesa (densha ga okureta (3) node jugyou ni) maniaimasen deshita.

2. Densha o oriru toki, (wasuremono ga nai (3) kadouka tashikamete) kudasai.

3. Shuumatsu (eiga o jiian ga (4) attara mi ni) ikimasen ka.

4. Kyou (wa nichiyoubi (4) na node) kono bijutsukan wa yasumi desu.

Mondai ni

 Bunsho no bunpou

Ichi kara yon made ni nani o iremasu ka. 1. 2. 3. 4 kara ichiban ii mono o hitotsu erande kudasai.

     Kyou, kimusan ga tsukutta ke-ki o tabeta. Kimusan wa hajimete tsukutta to itte ita kedo, totemo oishikatta. Watashi wa ke-ki ga daisuki da ga, (tsukurenai). Kimusan ga tsukutta ke-ki o tabete, watashi mo jibun de tsukutte mitai to omotta. (Sorede), kondo kimusan to issho ni tsukuru yakusoku o shita. Oishiku (tsukureru) kadouka wakaranai ga, jouzu ni (dekitara), tomodachi ni mo agetai.

Mondai san 

Choukai

1 Mazu shitsumon o kiite kudasai. Sorekara hanashi o kiite, mondai youshi no ichi kara yon no naka kara, ichiban ii mono o hitotsu erande kudasai.

1. Otoko no hito to onna no hito ga hanashite imasu. Otoko no hito wa ima sugu nani o shimasu ka.

M : Sumimasen. Kopi, sugu owarimasu ka.

F: A, sumimasen. Mou sukoshi kakarimasu.

M : Isogashisou desu ne.

F : Ee. Korekara kaigi na node, kaigi de tsukau no o kopi- shite irun desu.

M : Sou desu ka. Jaa, heya ni imasu kara, kopi- ga owattara yonde kudasai.

F : Hai. Wakarimashita. 

Otokono hito wa ima sugu nani o shimasu ka.

1 kaigi o suru

2 kopi- suru

3 onna no hito o yobu

4 heya ni kaeru

2. Otoko no hito to onna no hito ga hanashite imasu. Onna no hito wa shuumatsu dou shimasu ka.

M : Moshimoshi, tanaka san. Konshuu no ajia fesutibaru no koto desu ga ...

F : E, ajia fesutibaru. Konshuu desu ka.

M : Ee, kondo no nichiyoubi desu kedo. Tanakasan mo iku deshou ?

F : Jitsu wa, nichiyoubi wa tomodachi ga kyouto kara asobi ni kurun desu.

M : Jaa, ikenain desu ka.

F : Demo, watashi mo ikitai node, tomodachi ni kyoumi ga aru kadouka kiite mimasu. Sorekara, mata renraku shimasu.

Onna no hito wa shuumatsu dou shimasu ka.

1 kyoto e asobi ni iku

2 fesutibaru ni ikanai

3 fesutibaru ni ikanai

4 mada wakaranai

2. Kono mondai de wa e nado ga arimasen. Mazu, bun o kiite kudasai. Sorekara, sono henji o kiite, ichi kara san no naka kara, ichiban ii moni o hitotsu erande kudasai.

F : Doushitan desu ka.

M :

1. Ha ga itain desu.

2. Tenisu o shimasu.

3. Ashita shimasu.